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'''Pitcairn Insulae,''' vulgo '''Pitkern Ailen,''' sunt circulus quattuor insularum [[mons ignifer|volcanicarum]]—publice nominatae [[Ducie Insula|Ducie]], [[Henderson Insula (Pitcairn Insulae)|Henderson]], [[Oeno Insula|Oeno]], et [[Pitcairn Insula|Pitcairn]]—in [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceano Pacifico]] australi. Hae insulae sunt [[Territorium Maritimum Britannicum]], et olim fuerunt colonia Britannica, ultima in Pacifico. Solum Pitcairn Insula, secunda quod attinet ad magnitudinem, habitata est.<!--
Insulae are best known for being the home of the descendants of the [[Mutiny on the Bounty|''Bounty'' mutineers]] and the [[Tahiti]]ans who accompanied them, an event retold in numerous books and films. This story is still apparent in the surnames of many of the islanders. With only 48 inhabitants (from nine families), Pitcairn is also notable for being the least populated jurisdiction in the world (although it is not a [[sovereign nation]]). The [[United Nations]] Committee on Decolonization includes the Pitcairn Islands on the [[United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories]].<ref>[http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust3.htm United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories]</ref>-->
== Geographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Bounty bay.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Despectus in [[Sinus Bounty|Sinum Bounty]]]]
[[Fasciculus:Pitcairn Islands-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|right|Tabula Pitcairn Insularum. Fons: [[CIA World Factbook]]]]<!--
The Pitcairn Islands form the southeasternmost extension of the [[geology|geological]] [[archipelago]] of the [[Tuamotus]] of [[French Polynesia]] and consist of five islands: Pitcairn Island, [[Sandy Island]] (the last one found), [[Oeno Island]] (atoll with five islets), [[Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)|Henderson Island]] and [[Ducie Island]] (atoll with four islets).
The only permanently inhabited island, Pitcairn, is accessible only by boat through [[Bounty Bay]].
[[Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)|Henderson Island]], covering about 67% of the territory's total land area and supporting a rich variety of animals in its nearly inaccessible interior, is capable of supporting a small human population, but access is difficult, its outer shores comprising steep limestone cliffs of sharp coral.
The Pitcairn Islands were formed by a centre of upwelling [[magma]] called the [[Pitcairn hotspot]].-->
Pitcairn Insulis genita est planta ''[[Glochidion pitcairnense]].''
[[Fasciculus:Pitcairnsatellite.png|thumb|right|Despectus in insulas de satellite in caelo]]<!--
{| class="wikitable"
! Island or atoll || Type || Land area</br>(km²) || Total area</br>(km²) || Pop.</br>July 2007 || Coordinates
|-style="background: #FFC;"
| [[Ducie Island]]|| [[Atoll]] || align="right" | 0.7 || align="right" | 3.9{{ref|I|}}|| align="right" | - || {{coord|24|40|09|S|124|47|11|W|}}
|-style="background: #FF6;"
| [[Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)|Henderson Island]]|| [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted coral island]] || align="right" | 37.3 || align="right" | 37.3 || align="right" | - || {{coord|24|22|01|S|128|18|57|W|}}
|-style="background: #FFC;"
| [[Oeno Island]]|| [[Atoll]] || align="right" | 0.65 || align="right" | 16.65{{ref|I|}}|| align="right" | - || {{coord|23|55|26|S|130|44|03|W|}}
|-style="background: #CFC;"
|'''Pitcairn Island'''|| [[Volcano|volcanic island]] || align="right" | 4.6 || align="right" | 4.6|| align="right" | 50 || {{coord|25|04|00|S|130|06|00|W|}}
|-style="background: #DDDDDD;"
| '''Pitcairn Islands'''|| island group || align="right" | 43.25 || align="right" | 62.45 || align="right" | 50 ||23°55'26" to 25°04'00"S,</br>124°47'11" to 130°44'03"W
|}
{{note|I|}} Includes reef flat and [[lagoon]] of the atolls-->
== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Mutiny HMS Bounty.jpg|thumb|left|Homines seditiosi Lt Bligh, praefectos, et nautas navis [[HMS Bounty|''Bounty'']] [[29 Aprilis]] [[1789]] vento iactant.]]<!--
The original settlers of the Pitcairn Islands (Ducie, Henderson, Oeno, and Pitcairn) were [[Polynesia]]ns who appear to have lived on Pitcairn and Henderson for several centuries. Although archaeologists believe that Polynesians were living on Pitcairn as late as the 15<sup>th</sup> century, the islands were uninhabited when they were discovered by Europeans.<ref>
{{cite book |title= Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed|last= Diamond|first= Jared M|authorlink= Jared Diamond|year= 2005|publisher= [[Penguin Group|Penguin]]|location= [[New York City|New York]]|isbn= 9780143036555|oclc= 62868295|pages= 132|quote= But by [[1606]] … Henderson’s population had ceased to exist. Pitcairn’s own population had disappeared at least by 1790 … and probably disappeared much earlier.}}</ref>
Ducie and Henderson Islands are believed to have been discovered by Europeans on 26 January 1606 by [[Portugal|Portuguese]] sailor [[Pedro Fernandes de Queirós]], sailing for the [[Spain|Spanish]] crown, who named them La Encarnación ("[[Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnation]]") and San Juan Bautista ("[[Saint John the Baptist]]"), respectively. However, some sources express doubt about exactly which of the islands were visited and named by Queirós, suggesting that Queirós’ La Encarnación may actually have been Henderson Island, and San Juan Bautista may have been Pitcairn Island.<ref> [http://library.puc.edu/Pitcairn/pitcairn/govt-history15.shtml Pitcairn Islands, "History of Government and Laws, Part 15"] 30 September 2006</ref>
Ducie Island was rediscovered anno [[1791]] by the British Capt. Edwards aboard [[HMS Pandora (1779)|HMS ''Pandora'']] and named after [[Earl of Ducie|Francis, Lord Ducie]], a captain in the Royal Navy. It was annexed by Britain on 19 December 1902, and in 1938 it was formally incorporated into Pitcairn to become part of a single administrative unit (the "Pitcairn Group of Islands").
Henderson Island was rediscovered on [[17 Ianuarii]] [[1819]] by a British Captain Henderson of the British East India Company ship ''Hercules''. On 2 March 1819, Captain Henry King, sailing aboard the ''Elizabeth'', landed on the island to find the king's colours already flying. His crew scratched the name of their ship into a tree, and for some years the island's name was Elizabeth or Henderson, interchangeably. Henderson Island was annexed by Britain and incorporated into Pitcairn in 1938.
Oeno Island was discovered on [[26 Ianuarii]] [[1824]] by U.S. Captain George Worth aboard the whaler ''Oeno''. On 10 July 1902, Oeno was annexed by Britain. It was incorporated into Pitcairn in 1938.
Pitcairn Island itself was discovered on [[3 Iulii]] [[1767]] by the crew of the British [[sloop-of-war|sloop]] ''HMS Swallow'', commanded by Captain [[Philip Carteret]] (though according to some it had perhaps been visited by Queirós in 1606). It was named after Midshipman Robert Pitcairn, a fifteen-year-old crewmember who was the first to sight the island. Robert Pitcairn was the son of British Marine Officer [[John Pitcairn]].-->
[[Fasciculus:Geodesy Collection Pitcairn Island.jpg|thumb|Photographia ex Geodesy Collectione]]<!--
Carteret, who sailed without the newly invented accurate [[marine chronometer]], charted the island at 25° 2' south 133° 21’ west of [[Greenwich]] and although the latitude was reasonably accurate the longitude was incorrect by about 3° (during the age of sail about two day voyage under fair conditions). This made Pitcairn difficult to find, as highlighted by the failure of Captain [[James Cook]] to locate the island in July 1773.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hooker, Brian |url=http://www.findingnz.co.nz/al/gal1_bounty.htm |title=Down with Bligh - hurrah for Tahiti |work=Finding New Zealand}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Winthrop, Mark |url=http://www.lareau.org/chrono.html |title=The Story of the Bounty Chronometer |publisher=Lareau Web Parlour |accessdate=2008-09-17}}</ref>
In [[1790]], the mutineers of the [[HMS Bounty|''Bounty'']] and their [[Tahiti]]an companions, some of whom may have been kidnapped from Tahiti, settled on Pitcairn Island and set fire to the ''Bounty''. The wreck is still visible underwater in Bounty Bay. The ship itself was discovered in [[1957]] by [[National Geographic]] explorer [[Luis Marden]]. The settlers survived by farming and fishing, but the initial period of settlement saw serious tensions among the settlers: alcoholism, murder, disease, and other ills took the lives of most mutineers and Tahitian men. [[John Adams (mutineer)|John Adams]] and [[Ned Young]] turned to the [[Scriptures]], using the ship's [[Bible]] as their guide for a new and peaceful society. Young eventually died of an asthmatic infection. The Pitcairners converted to [[Christianity]]; later, they would convert from their existing form of Christianity to [[Adventism]], after a successful Adventist mission in the 1890s. After the rediscovery of Pitcairn, John Adams was granted [[amnesty]] for his [[mutiny]].
The islanders reported that it was not until [[27 Decembris]] [[1795]] that the first ship since the ''Bounty'' was seen from the island, but as she did not approach the land, they could not make out to what nation she belonged. A second appeared some time in 1801, but did not attempt to communicate with them. A third came sufficiently near to see their habitations, but did not venture to send a boat on shore. The [[United States|America]]n trading ship ''[[Topaz (ship)|Topaz]]'' under the command of [[Mayhew Folger]] was the first to visit the island and communicate with them when they spent 10 hours at Pitcairn in February 1808. A report of Folger's find was forwarded to [[The Admiralty]] mentioning the mutineers and a more precise location of the island—latitude 25° 2' S and 130° longitude/,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The European Magazine, and London Review |publisher=Philological Society of London, |year=1816 |volume=69 |month=January-June |title=Mutineers of the Bounty |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mOwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62#PPA134,M1 |pages=134}}</ref>—however this rediscovery was not known to Sir [[Thomas Staines]] who commanded a Royal Navy flotilla of two ships ([[HMS Briton|HMS ''Briton'']] and [[HMS Tagus|HMS ''Tagus'']]) which found the island at 25°.4' S. (by meridian observation) on [[17 Septembris]] [[1814]]. Staines sent a party ashore and wrote a detailed report for the Admiralty.<ref>
Staff. ''The Annual Biography and Obituary for the Year ...'', Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1831, Volume 15 "Chapter X Sir Thomas Staines" [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ENoKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA367#PPA366,M1 pp. 366-367]</ref><ref>
[http://library.puc.edu/pitcairn/pitcairn/history.shtml History of Pitcairn IslandHistory of Pitcairn Island], [http://library.puc.edu/pitcairn/index.shtml Pitcairn Study Center]. Retrieved 15 September 2008</ref><ref>
[http://www.janesoceania.com/oceania_pitcairn_descendants/index.htm Pitcairn descendants of the ''Bounty'' Mutineers], Retrieved 15 September 2008.</ref>-->
[[Fasciculus:Pitcairn - Church of Adamstown.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Templum in Adamstown]]
Insula facta est colonia Britannica anno [[1838]], et est inter prima mundi territoria quae [[suffragium feminarum|suffragium feminis]] donat.<!-- By the mid-1850s the Pitcairn community was outgrowing the island and its leaders appealed to the British government for assistance. They were offered [[Norfolk Island]] and on 3 May 1856, the entire community of 193 people set sail for Norfolk on board the ''Morayshire'', arriving on 8 June after a miserable five-week trip. But after eighteen months on Norfolk, seventeen of the Pitcairners returned to their home island; five years later another twenty-seven did the same.
Since a population peak of 233 in 1937, the island has been suffering from emigration, primarily to [[New Zealand]], leaving some fifty people living on Pitcairn.
There are allegations of a long history and tradition of [[sexual abuse]] of girls as young as 7, which culminated in 2004 in the charging of seven men living on Pitcairn, and another six now living abroad, with sex-related offences, including [[rape]]. On 25 October 2004, six men were convicted, including [[Steve Christian]], the island's [[mayor]] at the time. ''See [[Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004|Pitcairn rape trial of 2004]]''. After the six men lost their final appeal, the British government set up a prison on the island with an annual budget of NZD 950,000. The men began serving their sentences in late 2006, and all are expected to be freed by December of 2008.
==Oeconomia==
The fertile soil of the Pitcairn valleys produces a wide variety of [[fruit]]s and [[vegetable]]s, including [[citrus]], [[sugarcane]], [[watermelon]]s, [[banana]]s, [[yam (vegetable)|yams]], and [[bean]]s. The inhabitants of this tiny economy exist on [[fishing]], [[subsistence farming]], and [[handicraft]]s, with barter being an important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of [[postage stamp]]s to collectors, [[honey]], and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships, most of which are plying the [[United Kingdom]] to [[New Zealand]] route via the [[Panama Canal]]. Trade is restricted by the jagged geography of the island, which lacks a harbour or airstrip, forcing all trade to be made by longboat to visiting ships. Occasionally, passengers from expedition-type cruise ships will come ashore for a day, weather permitting. {{Fact|date=June 2008}}
Anno [[2004]], the island had a labor force of 15 men and women.-->
== Homines ==
[[Fasciculus:Habitantes de Pitcairn.jpg|thumb|Habitantes Pitcairn Insularum]]
Plerique insulani sunt progenies hominum sediosorum navis [[Seditio super Bounty|''Bounty'']] et Tahitiorum. Plerique ad [[Ecclesia Adventistarum Diei Septimae|Ecclesiam Adventistarum Diei Septimae]] pertinent.<!--
[[Pitkern]] is a [[creole language]] derived from eighteenth century [[English language|English]], with elements of the [[Tahitian language]]. It is spoken as a first language by the population and is taught alongside standard English at the island's only school. It is closely related to the creole language [[Norfuk]] spoken on [[Norfolk Island]], because Norfolk was repopulated in the mid nineteenth century by Pitcairners.
Mense Septembris [[2003]], the first baby was born on the islands in 17 years. Another child, Adrianna Tracey Christian, was born on Pitcairn on 3 March 2007. In February 2005, Shirley and Simon Young became the first married outsider couple in recorded history to obtain citizenship on Pitcairn.-->
==Cultura et societas==<!--
Pitcairn culture, like its language, is a mix of English and [[Tahitian]] influences. A successful [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] mission in the 1890s was important in shaping Pitcairn society, though the inhabitants were already observing the Seventh-day Sabbath before the arrival of Adventism.<ref> [http://news.adventist.org/data/2001/04/0991166375/index.html.en Pitcairn Islands, "Turning Point for Historic Adventist Community on Pitcairn Island"] 30 September 2006</ref> In recent years, the church has declined, with only about eight islanders worshipping regularly, but most of them still attend church on special occasions. The [[Sabbath and Seventh-day Adventism|Sabbath]] is observed as a day of rest and as a mark of respect for observant Adventists.
The once-strict moral codes, which prohibited dancing, [[public display of affection|public displays of affection]], and consumption of alcohol, have been relaxed in recent years. Islanders may now obtain a six-month license to purchase alcohol; the licence fee is NZ$10.00 for residents and NZ$25.00 for tourists.
Education is free and compulsory between the ages of five and 15.<ref name=ilab/> All of the island’s seven children were enrolled in school in 2000.<ref name=ilab>[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/territories.htm "Territories and Non-Independent Countries"]. ''2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor''. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2002). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].</ref>
==Communications==
*'''Telephones:''' There are only [[satellite phone]]s on the island, replacing a single wired [[party line (telephony)|party line]]. A single [[pay phone]] also exists. <ref>[http://payphone-directory.org/cgi-bin/newphonecount?state=pn Detailed Pay Phone Report for Pitcairn Island]</ref> Islanders call between homes and ships via [[Very high frequency|VHF radio]].
*'''Radio:''' There is no broadcast station. Marine band [[walkie-talkie]] radios are used to maintain contact among people in different areas of the island. Foreign stations can be picked up on [[Shortwave Radio]].
*'''Television:''' There is no broadcast TV; most houses have a VCR/DVD to watch videos. [[Free-To-Air]] satellite dishes can be used to watch foreign TV.
*'''Internet:''' There is one Government-sponsored satellite internet connection, networked to all houses on the island. Pitcairn's country code (top level domain) is ''[[.pn]]''.
==Transport==
The settlers of the Pitcairns all arrived by some form of [[boat]] or [[ship]]; the most famous was the [[HMS Bounty|Bounty]], on which the mutiny occurred and which was burned in Bounty Bay.
[[Pitcairn Island]] does not have an [[airport]] or [[seaport]]; the islanders rely on [[longboat]]s to [[ferry]] people and goods between [[ship]] and shore through Bounty Bay. To get to Pitcairn it is necessary to fly to [[Tahiti]], then [[Mangareva]], then embark on a further 30-hour boat ride. There is one boat every several months. Alternatively, passage can be obtained aboard a few freighters out of New Zealand; it is a seven-day trip via freighter. Leaving the island is hit-and-miss; one leaves when transportation happens by, not necessarily when one wishes to go.
There is one {{convert|6.4|km|mi|0|adj=on}} paved [[road]] and there are no [[railway]]s. On land, [[walking]] has historically been the way of getting around.
In the early 1970s it was decided to bring the first vehicle to the island (a [[Mini Moke]]) to make it easier to transport the elderly, but the harsh terrain and heavy rain were too much for the diminutive car and a second and eventually a third had to be sent out to replace it. More suitable [[all-terrain vehicle]]s have become common in more recent years.<ref name="nuttall1">{{cite book | author=Tim Nuttall | title=Mini Moke 1964-1989 | isbn=1-870642-94-5 }}</ref>-->
== Vide etiam ==
*[[Index hominum in notis postalibus Pitcairn Insularum]]<!--
*[[Law enforcement in the Pitcairn Islands]]
*[[Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004]]
==Fontes==
<references/>-->
== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.pitcairnstudygroup.co.uk ''Pitcairn Islands Study Group, United Kingdom'' apud www.pitcairnstudygroup.co.uk] Caterva Britannica quae historae Pitcairn et eius hominibus studet
*[http://www.zalmo.com/honey.html ''Purest Honey from Pitcairn's Island'' apud www.zalmo.com] Situs de melle Pitcairnensi
{{Civitates et territoria Oceaniae}}
{{Cultura Oceanica}}
{{Polynesia}}
{{Provinciae Britannicae}}
{{Territoria Imperii Britiannici}}
[[Categoria:Archipelagi]]
[[Categoria:EximiaInsulae Unionis Europaeae territoriaPitcairn|!]]
[[Categoria:Insulae Pitcairn]]
[[Categoria:Polynesia]]
[[Categoria:Seditio super Bounty]]
[[ace:Pulo-pulo Pitcairn]]
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