Erythropoietinum
Erythropoietinum EPO | ||
---|---|---|
Alia nomina | EPO, EP, MVCD2, erythropoietin, Erythropoietin, ECYT5, DBAL | |
Locus geni (homo) | ||
Chromosoma | 7 (humanum) | |
Locus | 7q22.1 (homo) | |
Substratum | proteinum praecursor amyloidi (APP) | |
Fontes externae | OMIM: 133170 |
Erythropoietinum sive EPO sive haematopoietinum est glycoproteinum et cytokinum responsum hypoxiae in renibus secretum. Effectus EPO est generationem in medulla ossium novorum cellularum per receptorium erythropoietini sanguinearum rubrarum (erythrocytarum), quod erythropoiesis dicitur[1]. Exprimitur EPO in cerebro quoque, quo liberatio functiones cognitivas augeat.
Natura erythropoietini
recensereNomen erythropoietini de verbis Graecis ἐρυθρός, ruber, et ποιεῖν, facere, derivatur, ita ("erythrocytos facito") erythropoietini munus haematopoiesis indicans[2].
Genum EPO
recensereEPO est glycoproteinum ex 167 aminoacidorum compositum. Nominatur eius genum EPO, et genum ipsum in hominibus in chromosomate septimo locatum est. Geno hoc et promotores et activatores transcriptionis attribuuntur. Activatores gubernatores sunt hypoxia inductae factores (HIF)[3]. HIFes ipsae cum hypoxia respondentibus elementibus (HRE) connectuntur.
Locus synthesis
recensereIn adultis synthesis erythropoietini in renibus, insuper in cerebro fit. Incremento, tamen, foeti et embryonis ineunte synthesis in hepatocytis fit[4].
Renes
recensereSynthesis erythropoietini in fibroblastis corticum renium, circum tubulos sitis, fit.
Cerebrum
recensereErythropoietini formatio etiam in cerebri neuronibus, cellulis glialibus, cellulis endothelialibus observata est, ut in hippocampi neuronibus[5].
EPO factor colonias stimulans (cytokinum)
recensereErythropoietinum (EPO) cytokinis attribuitur. Inter cytokinis varii greges definiti sunt, inter quos EPO factor colonias stimulans agit. In medicina combinationibus EPO cum alio factore colonias stimulante effectus auxiliares sunt[6].
Physiologia
recensereSi organismus hypoxiam senserit, genum lectum erit, formaturque erythropoietinum (EPO), liberaturque in sanguinem, effectus suos denique in medullae ossium haematopoiesem perficiens, imprimis in erythrocytorum progenitores, ibidem in dictas coloniam formantes unitates erythroides (CFU-E)[7], quae in proerythroblastos transeunt.
Videtur, ut EPOni effectus protegentes organorum diversorum, per exemplum renium et cerebri adferat.
Haematopoiesis et erythropoiesis
recensereHaematopoiesis sanguinis formatio significat. Dividitur haematopoiesis in erythropoiesem (formationis erythrocytorum, vulgo cellularum sanguineuarum rubrarum), thrombopoiesem (formationis thrombocytorum), et leucopoiesem (formationis leucytorum, vulgo cellularum sanguineuarum albarum). Erythropoietinum effectus suos in erythrocytorum formationem, erythropoiesem, exercet.
Effectus protegentes organorum
recensereErythropoietinum etiam protectio organis diversis, ut renibus et cerebro adfert[8].
Effectus regenerativi
recenserePlasticitati synapticae (etiam neuroplasticitati dicto) momentum magnum cursuum regenerativorum cerebri, ut post apoplexiam. Apparet, ut erythropoietinum quoque effectus neuroplasticitatis, velut formationis cellularum nervalium novarum (neurogenesis) suos exerceat[9].
Effectus mentis cognitivi
recensereEffectus meliorantes morborum mentis plurium ad cognitionis rationem narrati sunt[10].
Pathophysiologia
recensereAnaemia
recensereNotio anaemia numerus reducta cellularum sanguinearum rubrarum (erythrocytorum) vel haemoglobini describit. Causae sunt, per exemplum, egressio ex vulnere sanguinis, vel mala pulmonum.
Notae
recensere- ↑ Elliott S., Sinclair A. M. (2012). "The effect of erythropoietin on normal and neoplastic cells". Biologics 6: 163-89
- ↑ Krantz S. B. (Feb 1991). "Erythropoietin". Blood 77 (3): 419-34
- ↑ Haase V. H. (Ian 2013). "Regulation of erythropoiesis by hypoxia-inducible factors". Blood reviews 27 (1): 41-53doi:10.1016/j.blre.2012.12.003
- ↑ Suzuli N. (Mar 2015). The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine 235 (3): 233-40doi:10.1620/tjem.235.233
- ↑ Wakhloo D., Scharkowski F., Curto Y., Butt U. J., Bansal V., Steixner-Kumar A. A., Wüstefeld L., Rajput A., Arinrad S., Zillmann M. R., et al. (Mar 2020). "Functional hypoxia drives neuroplasticity and neurogenesis via brain erythropoietin". Nature communications 11 (1)doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15041-1
- ↑ Mitjavila M. T., Villeval J. L., Cramer P., Henri A., Gasson J., Krystal G., Tulliez M., Berger R., Breton-Gorius J., Vainchenker W. (Oct 1987). "Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin on leukemic erythroid colony formation in human early erythroblastic leukemias". Blood 70 (4): 965-73
- ↑ Jelkmann W. (Mar 2011). "Regulation of erythropoietin production". Journal of physiology 589 (Pt 6): 1251-8doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.195057
- ↑ Moore E. M., Bellomo R., Nichol A. D. (Mai 2011). "Erythropoietin as a novel brain and kidney protective agent". Aanaesthesia and intensive care 39 (3): 356-72doi:10.1177/0310057X1103900306
- ↑ Wakhloo D., Scharkowski F., Curto Y., Butt U. J., Bansal V., Steixner-Kumar A. A., Wüstefeld L., Rajput A., Arinrad S., Zillmann M. R., et al. (Mar 2020). "Functional hypoxia drives neuroplasticity and neurogenesis via brain erythropoietin". Nature communications 11 (1): 1313doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15041-1
- ↑ Newton S. S., Sathyanesan M. (Sep 2021). "Erythropoietin and Non-Erythropoietic Derivatives in Cognition". Frontiers in pharmacologydoi:10.3389/fphar.2021.728725