Avena nuda

Avena nuda (binomen ab Iohanne Höjer anno 1753 statutum)^[1] est species generis Avenae in familia Poacearum. Species a botanicis Anglicis ante-Linnaeanis Guilielmo Turnero descripta, Ioanne Raio nominata est.

Avena nuda

Plantae — Angiospermae

Monocotyledones
Commelinidae
Ordo : Poales
Familia : Poaceae
Genus : Avena
Species : Avena nuda
Hoejer^[1]

Turnerus anno 1551 in Sussexia aliam speciem avenarum, pillotes nuncupatam, se observavisse dixit, quae post trituram nullas glumas retinebat et farinae avenaceae appropinquabat.^[2] Idem anno 1568 plura de hac re addidit, se hanc speciem in alia civitate nulla vidisse neque apud auctores antiquosve recentesve nullos: incolas dixisse hanc avenam terris non pinguibus sed macrioribus crescere, alio frumento reicientibus.^[3] Raius anno 1670 "Avena nuda ... versus extremum Cornubiae angulum copiose seritur" ait "ubi a rusticis pillis et pill-corn dicitur. Aiunt et in Devonia eam seri, verum nos ibi non vidimus".^[4]

Historicus provincialis Ricardus Polwhele naked oats or pilcorn olim avenam principalem fuisse Devoniae et Cornubiae anno 1797 asseveravit.^[5] Idem anno 1803 in historia sua comitatus Cornubiae incolas avenam nudam (ab Ioanne Raio nominatam), lingua sua pilez, cultivare scripsit una cum tritico, hordeo, avena communi, secale, illam autem in agris macrissimis serentes qui iam bis terve patatis plantati erant; hanc speciem ad omnes necessitates cibarias respondere, quas pauperes usu farinae avenaceae supplere solerent, optimamque esse ad vacculas saginandas.^[6] Eisdem annis Iacobus Cambry Avenam nudam in Britannia Minore cultam scripsit, "speciem avenae seu tritici abortivi" in Britannia Minore descripsit "equis minime datam quia eis in gula affigitur, sed tanquam pultem ab hominibus sumptam, rarius circa Montem Relaxum et Coriosopitum cultam".^[7] Usum in pultem vel gruellum conficiendum botanicus Augustinus Pyramus de Candolle anno 1815 confirmavit.^[8] Quod victuale, "gruellum Bretonicum" appellandum, olim in popinis restaurativis Parisiensibus venditabatur sed recentius a pauperibus tantum consumebatur. Hodie non iam ex Avena nuda conficitur cuius cultura in Britannia Minore, iamdudum deprecata,^[9] omnino deperditur.

Notae recensere

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Höjer (1753). Sunt qui hanc speciem Carolo Linnaeo attribuunt (per errorem?)
↑ There is an other kinde of otes, called pillotes, whiche growe in Sussex: it hath no husk abydyng vpon it after that it is threshed, and is lyke otemele: Turner (1551)
↑ This kinde groweth in no other countre that ever I could tell of, savinge onelye in England, nether have I rede in anye newe or olde autor of this kinde. The men of the countre where they growe saye that they will not growe well in a fat grounde, but in a barun grounde wherein no corne hath growen before: Turner (1568)
↑ Raius (1670)
↑ Formerly this was the chief oat cultivated in Devon and Cornwall: Polwhele (1797)
↑ The seeds we sow are wheat, barley, oats, and rye; besides which, we have the avena nuda of Ray, called in Cornwall pilez, which grows in the poorest croft-land that has been tilled two or three seasons before with potatoes, and for the uses of the poor answers all the purposes of oatmeal: it is a small yellow grain ... and for fattening calves accounted superior to any other nourishment: Polwhele (1803)
↑ On ne cultive dans ces contrées, que du seigle, du sarrazin, de l'avoine d'été, un grain qu'ils nomment pilat; espèce d'avoine ou de bled avorté, qu'on ne peut manger qu'en bouillie. Le pilât se sème en germinal, et se coupe à la fin de thermidor. On n'en donne point aux chevaux; ses extrêmités trop aiguës pourroient s'attacher à leur gosier, et leur causer une toux dangereuse; ils le refusent et le rejettent. On en cultive, dît-on, mais en petite quantité, dans les environs de Morlaix et de Quimper. Cambry (1798)
↑ On la cultive ... et on la préfère en certains pays pour la confection du gruau. Lamarck et Candolle (1815)
↑ Bailly et al. (1837)

Bibliographia recensere

Fontes antiquiores

1551 : William Turner, A New Herball (Londinii: Steven Mierdman) sig. Evi (Textus apud Google Books) Textus apud Internet Archive alius ("pillotes")
1568 : William Turner, The First and Seconde Partes of the Herbal ... with the Third Parte (Coloniae Agrippinae: Birckman) pars 1 p. 73 Textus Recensio Michiganensium
1578 : Rembertus Dodonaeus; Henry Lyte, interpr., A Niewe Herball, or historie of plantes. Londinii p. 467 (pilcorn or pylde otes)
1670 : Ioannes Raius, Catalogus plantarum Angliae et insularum adiacentium, tum indigenas, tum in agris passim cultas complectens. Londinii: impensis J. Martyn p. 36 (Avena nuda)
1753 : Johannes Christ. Höjer, Demonstrationes plantarum in horto Upsaliensi (Upsaliae, 1753) (p. 3 nota subiuncta apud Google Books) (editionis 1756 p. 401 nota subiuncta)
1797 : Richard Polwhele, The History of Devonshire (Londinii, 1797-1806) vol. 1 p. 82
1798 : Jacques Cambry, Voyage dans le Finistère (3 voll. Lutetiae: Cercle-Social, an VII) vol. 1 pp. 233-234
1803 : Richard Polwhele, The History of Cornwall (Londinii, 1803) vol. 1 p. 162
1815 : MM. de Lamarck et de Candolle, Flore française ed. 3a (Lutetiae, 1815) pp. 34-35
1837 : Charles Bailly et al., Maison rustique du XIXe siècle (Lutetiae: Journal d'agriculture pratique, 1837) p. 391
1878 : L.-F. Sauvé, Proverbes et dictons de la Basse-Bretagne (Lutetiae: Honoré Champion, 1878) pp. 106-107
1895 : Joseph Thomas, Randigal Rhymes (Penzance: Rodda, 1895) p. 6
1919 : E. L. Sturtevant; U. P. Hedrick, ed., Sturtevant’s Notes on Edible Plants (Albany, N.Y., 1919) p. 77

Recentiora

Stephen Facciola, Cornucopia: a source book of edible plants (Vista: Kampong Publications, 1990) p. 153
John Field, "Crops for Man and Beast" in Leeds Studies in English n.s. vol. 18 (1987) pp. 157-71, vide pp. 161-162

Lexicographica

"Pillas, pillis or pellas" in Fred. W. P. Jago, The Ancient Language and the Dialect of Cornwall (Truro: Netherton & Worth, 1882) p. 233
"Pilcorn", "Pillez", "Pillotes" in The Oxford English Dictionary (Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1989. 20 voll.)
"Pilad" in Martial Ménard, Dictionnaire diachronique du breton

Nexus externi recensere

Situs scientifici: Tropicos • Tela Botanica • GRIN • ITIS • Plant List • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • GrassBase • Plant Name Index • Flora of China • INPN France • USDA Plants Database

Vide "Avenam nudam" apud Vicispecies.

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Avenam sativam ssp. nudam spectant.

De usu

Avena nuda: Naked oat apud Plants for a Future
"La culture de l'avoine nue" apud Biowallonie
"Organic Hulless Oats (Naked)" apud Online Organics (situs mercatorius)

Haec stipula ad biologiam spectat. Amplifica, si potes!

[Höjer_(1753)-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Höjer (1753). Sunt qui hanc speciem Carolo Linnaeo attribuunt (per errorem?)

[2] There is an other kinde of otes, called pillotes, whiche growe in Sussex: it hath no husk abydyng vpon it after that it is threshed, and is lyke otemele: Turner (1551)

[3] This kinde groweth in no other countre that ever I could tell of, savinge onelye in England, nether have I rede in anye newe or olde autor of this kinde. The men of the countre where they growe saye that they will not growe well in a fat grounde, but in a barun grounde wherein no corne hath growen before: Turner (1568)

[4] Raius (1670)

[5] Formerly this was the chief oat cultivated in Devon and Cornwall: Polwhele (1797)

[6] The seeds we sow are wheat, barley, oats, and rye; besides which, we have the avena nuda of Ray, called in Cornwall pilez, which grows in the poorest croft-land that has been tilled two or three seasons before with potatoes, and for the uses of the poor answers all the purposes of oatmeal: it is a small yellow grain ... and for fattening calves accounted superior to any other nourishment: Polwhele (1803)

[7] On ne cultive dans ces contrées, que du seigle, du sarrazin, de l'avoine d'été, un grain qu'ils nomment pilat; espèce d'avoine ou de bled avorté, qu'on ne peut manger qu'en bouillie. Le pilât se sème en germinal, et se coupe à la fin de thermidor. On n'en donne point aux chevaux; ses extrêmités trop aiguës pourroient s'attacher à leur gosier, et leur causer une toux dangereuse; ils le refusent et le rejettent. On en cultive, dît-on, mais en petite quantité, dans les environs de Morlaix et de Quimper. Cambry (1798)

[8] On la cultive ... et on la préfère en certains pays pour la confection du gruau. Lamarck et Candolle (1815)

[9] Bailly et al. (1837)

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