Solanum melongena

De genere cochlearum eiusdem nominis vide: Melongena (cochlea)

Melongena (binomine Solanum melongena) est arbustum fructiferum in genere Solanorum, in quorum numero etiam lycopersica et patatae habentur. Fructus eius, qui cocti edi possunt, etiam mala insana appellantur. Praeterea, sicut et lycopersica, poma amoris cognominantur.

Malum insanum, i.e. fructus melongenae

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Plantae — Angiospermae

Eudicotyledones 
Asteridae 
Ordo : Solanales 
Familia : Solanaceae 
Genus : Solanum 
Subgenus : Leptostemonum 
Species : S. melongena 
L.

   

Historia

Melongena orta esse videtur in India, ubi Sanscrite vātiṅgaṇa et bhaṇṭākī appellabatur. Inde per magnam partem Asiae orientalis diffusa est. Prima eius mentio litteris commissa inventa est in Qí mín yào shù, antiqua disputatione Sinensi de agri cultura anno fere 544 p.C.n. composita. Apud Persas quoque melongena iam pridem vulgata est, qui nomine a Sanscrito derivato bādingān (بادِنگان) appellabant. Inde Arabes exceperunt et nomine paululum mutato bāḏinǧān (باذنْجان) notabant. Antiquissima his regionibus mentio inventa est in Libro Continenti a Rhaze (865-925), auctore Persico, lingua Arabica composito. Apud medicos Islamicos melongena vulgo male audiebat: idem Rhazes ei sanguinem inflammandum et pustulas faciendas imputabat, et saeculum post Avicenna in Canone Medicinae (ca. 1025) arguebat eam melancholiam, cancros, lepram, haemorrhoidam et multa alia mala efficere, nisi in aceto coctam comedas.

Interea melongena cum exercitibus Islamicis in Africam occidentalem et inde Europam meridionalem pervenerat. Primum, ut videtur, in litteris Europaeis memorata est in versione Latina Avicennae Canonis Medicinae, quem supra diximus. Hoc libro, seu verterit Gerardus Cremonensis (1114-1187) seu ut quidam putant Gerardus Sablonetanus (1218-1291), uterque tamen Lombardus, eam sua usus dialecto "melongenam" appellavit. Quam postea, anno 1259, "melangenae" nomine memoravit Albertus Magnus et anno circiter 1305 nomine "melongenae" Arnaldus Villanovanus, nomen Catalanum "albergeniam" esse adiungens. Eodem fere tempore in Tacuino sanitatis, Panormi aut Neapoli Manfredo rege (1258–1266) suadente Latine converso, melongena ex huius regionis dialecto "melongiana" appellata est.

Tandem quinto decimo saeculo Dioscoridis commentator Venetus Hermolaus Barbarus primus eas, nomen vulgare "melenzane" male interpretatus, Latine "mala insana" appellavit. Quod nomen postea omnes fere botanistae exceperunt. Anno 1753 Carolus Linnaeus nomen Latinum antiquissimum "melongenam" renovavit ut partem specificam nominis binomialis notaret.

Etymologia

Prima origo plerorumque occidentalium melongenae nominum a linguis antiquis Indiae petenda est, nam nomen Persicum بادِنگان bādingān, unde postea Arabicum باذنْجان bāḏinǧān, e nomine Sanscrito q.e. vātiṅgaṇa 'melongena' ortum esse videtur. Deinde varia nomina Europaea ex Arabico derivata sunt: sic nomine paulum mutato ab Hispanis (al)berengena vel berenjena, Lusitanis berinjela, Catalanis autem alberginia vel albergina appellatur, unde Francogallice aubergine. In Italia autem prima nominis parte saepissime in mel- mutata melongena, melanzana, mulinciana etc. nuncupatur. Hinc nomen Graecum μελιτζάνα, et hinc quoque nomina varia Latina orta sunt: melongena, melangena, melongiana, sed etiam malum insanum, sicut Hermalaus Barbarus nomen vulgare false interpretatus Latine convertit.

Bibliographia

Fontes antiquiores

• c. 544 : Jia Sixie, Qimin yaoshu (fide Dunlop (2006))
• 1025 : Avicenna, Canon Medicinae, II cpt.2 (vel 'B'), lemma 'bāḏinǧān' (باذنْجان) (Arabice)
• ante 1187 : Gerardus Cremonensis, Versio Latina Avicennae Canonis Medicinae, [2] II 'Littera M', cpt. 451 'Melongena' p.353
• c. 1250 : Lin Hong, Simplicia montani victualia (Françoise Sabban, "La diète parfaite d'un lettré retiré sous les Song du Sud" in Études chinoises vol. 16 (1997) pp. 7-57)
• 1259 : Albertus Magnus, De vegetabilibus, III 2.5.97 (p.204 ed. Jessen) ("Melangena")
• saec. XIV : Llibre de sent soví (Joan Santanach i Suñol, ed., Robin M. Vogelzang, interpr., The book of Sent Soví: medieval recipes from Catalonia [2008] pp. 114-115, no. xxxvi) ("Albergînies")
• c. 1309 : Arnaldus de Villa Nova, Regimen sanitatis ad regem Aragonum (p.449 ed. García-Ballester apud Google Books) ("Melongenae quae vulgariter albergeniae nominantur"; sed editione 1572 omittuntur)
• ante 1493 : Hermolaus Barbarus, Corollarium ad Dioscoridem in quinque libros priores de materia Medica [3] Liber IV, cpt.79 'De Mandragora' p.239r
• 1542 : Leonardus Fuchsius, De historia stirpium commentarii insignes, cpt. 201 'De malis insanis', vel eiusdem operis editio altera (1549), cpt. 203 'De malis insanis'
• ante 1544 : Valerius Cordus; Conradus Gesnerus, ed., Annotationes in Dioscoridis; Historiae stirpium libri IV [etc.]. 1561 liber I, cpt. 14 (p.90 text)
• 1554 : Petrus Andreas Matthiolus, Commentarii in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis de medica materia p.760 ed. 1598
• 1551-1555 : Adamus Lonicer, Naturalis historiae opus novum, lemma 'mala insana'
• 1558 : Amatus Lusitanus, In Dioscoridis Anazarbei De medica materia libros quinque (1558), p.648
• 1561 : Conradus Gesnerus, "De hortis Germaniae" in Valerius Cordus, Annotationes in Dioscoridis ... [etc.] 'malum insanum'
• 1576 : Matthias de Lobel, Plantarum seu stirpium historia, [4] p.138
• 1583 : Andreas Caesalpinus, De plantis libri XVI (Florentiae) (p. 210 apud Google Books) "malum insanum"
• 1597 : John Gerard, The Herball, or generall historie of plantes pp. 273-274 "Of madde apples"
• 1616 : Rembertus Dodonaeus, Stirpium historiae pemptades sex siue libri XXX p.458
• 1606 : Hadrianus Iunius, Nomenclator octilinguis, lemma ‘malum insanum’
• 1615 : Iacobus Dalecampius, Histoire generale des plantes, tome premier (1615), ch.31, pp.531-532 (Francogallice)
• 1747 : Georgius Everhardus Rumphius, Herbarium Amboinense (Amstelaedami: Chanquion, 1741-1750) vol. 5 p. 238, tab. 85; cf. E. D. Merrill, An Interpretation of Rumphius's Herbarium Amboinense. Manilae: Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bureau of Science, 1917 p. 462
• 1748 : Stephanus Blancardus, Lexicon Medicum, lemma 'mala insana'
• 1753 : Carolus Linnaeus, Species Plantarum p.186
• 1796 : Yuan Mei, Suiyuan shidan (Sean J. S. Chen, ed. et interpr., 茄二法 = Two Ways of Preparing Eggplant)

Eruditio hodierna

Si plus cognoscere vis, vide etiam Solanum subg. Leptostemonum#Bibliographia.

• Georg Bitter, "Die papuasischen Arten von Solanum: S. melongena" in Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie vol 55 (1919) pp. 88-89
• Fabio Cericola et al, "The Population Structure and Diversity of Eggplant from Asia and the Mediterranean Basin" in PLoS One vol. 8 (6 Septembris 2013) e73702
• Marie-Christine Daunay, Henri Laterrot, Jules Janick, "Iconography and History of Solanaceae: Antiquity to the XVIIth Century', in: Jules Janick, Horticultural Reviews, vol. 34 (2007), pp. 1-112. (De melongena vide pp.26-35)
• Marie-Christine Daunay, Jules Janick, "History and Iconography of Eggplant" in Chronica Horticulturae, vol. 47, no. 3 (2007) pp. 16-22
• Marie-Christine Daunay, Henri Laterrot, Jules Janick, "Iconography of the Solanaceae from Antiquity to the XVIIth Century: a Rich Source of Information on Genetic Diversity and Uses" in Acta Hort. no. 745 (2007) pp. 59-88 (vide p. 77 fig. 8)
• Fuchsia Dunlop, Revolutionary Chinese Cookbook: Recipes from Hunan Province. Londinii: Bloomsbury, 2006
• Affiong Edeke et al., "Nutritional and Pharmacological Potentials of Solanum melongena and Solanum aethiopicum Fruits" in Journal of Phytopharmacology vol. 10 (2021) pp. 61-67
• Maria Hurtado et al., "Diversity and Relationships of Eggplants from Three Geographically Distant Secondary Centers of Diversity" in PLoS One vol. 7 (27 Iulii 2012) e41748
• F.W. Martin, A.M. Rhodes, "Subspecific grouping of eggplant cultivars" in Euphytica vol. 28 (1979) pp. 367-383
• Rachel S. Meyer, Michael Nee et al., Phylogeographic relationships among Asian eggplants and new perspectives on eggplant domestication" in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution vol. 63 (2012) pp. 685-701
• Rachel S. Meyer, Maryam Bamshad, Dorian Q. Fuller, Amy Litt, "Comparing Medicinal Uses of Eggplant and Related Solanaceae in China, India, and the Philippines Suggests the Independent Development of Uses, Cultural Diffusion, and Recent Species Substitutions" in Economic Botany vol. 68 (2014) pp. 137-152
• Harry S. Paris, Marie-Christine Daunay, Jules Janick, "The Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae illustrated in medieval manuscripts known as the Tacuinum Sanitatis" in Annals of Botany vol. 103 (2009) pp. 1187–1205
• Agnieszka Sękara, Stanisław Cebula, Edward Kunicki, "Cultivated eggplants – origin, breeding objectives and genetic resources, a review" in Folia horticulturae vol. 19 no. 1 (2007) pp. 97-114
• Jin-Xiu Wang, Tiangang Gao, Sandra Knapp, "Ancient Chinese Literature Reveals Pathways of Eggplant Domestication" in Annals of Botany vol. 102 (2008) pp. 891-897 eadem res alibi
• Terri L. Weese, Lynn Bohs, "Eggplant Origins: Out of Africa, into the Orient" in Taxon vol. 59 (2010) pp. 49-56 JSTOR

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Solanum melongena spectant.

Vide "Solanum melongena" apud Vicispecies.

• Stéphanie Arnoux, Comparative analyses of the molecular footprint of domestication in three Solanaceae species : eggplant, pepper and tomato (dissertatio 2019 universitatis Avennionensis)